{"id":3217,"date":"2025-11-05T22:02:46","date_gmt":"2025-11-05T22:02:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/?page_id=3217"},"modified":"2025-11-23T18:12:31","modified_gmt":"2025-11-23T18:12:31","slug":"pollution-prevention-systems-6-3-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/index.php\/pollution-prevention-systems-6-3-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Pollution Prevention Systems (6.3.2) \u2014 SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/photo_2024-10-13_09-06-04-1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4601\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/photo_2024-10-13_09-06-04-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/photo_2024-10-13_09-06-04-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/photo_2024-10-13_09-06-04-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/photo_2024-10-13_09-06-04-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Executive summary <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Water pollution control and the prevention of contaminated wastewater discharge are core institutional responsibilities for University of Al Maarif (UOA). This report documents UOA\u2019s physical systems, governance, monitoring, and performance metrics for preventing polluted water from entering the environment or municipal water systems, explicitly linked to SDG Indicator <strong>6.3.2<\/strong> (Percentage of wastewater safely treated).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because UOA\u2019s exact metered records were unavailable while preparing this draft, the report uses a transparent campus model (10,000 students + 1,200 staff = 11,200 persons) and conservative engineering assumptions to calculate daily water use, wastewater generation, pollutant loads (BOD, COD, TSS, nutrients), treatment plant capacity requirements, and projected effluent quality for various treatment options (primary \u2192 secondary \u2192 tertiary). All arithmetic is shown and tables are provided so UOA can substitute actual metered figures later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Key findings from the modelled baseline:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Estimated campus daily potable water demand: <strong>1,120 m\u00b3\/day<\/strong> (1,120,000 L\/day).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Estimated wastewater generation (80% of water use): <strong>896 m\u00b3\/day<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Raw wastewater pollutant loads (approx.): <strong>BOD 358 kg\/day, COD 717 kg\/day, TSS 269 kg\/day, NO\u2083\u207b 35.8 kg\/day<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A modern secondary biological treatment (activated sludge) would reduce BOD to ~60 mg\/L (effluent) and tertiary polishing (membrane\/UV\/filtration) could reach BOD &lt;20 mg\/L \u2014 enabling reuse for irrigation and ensuring compliance with national discharge standards.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Proposed monitoring schedule and sample tables are included. A 24-month implementation roadmap and estimated capital\/operational costs (high-level) are provided.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The report concludes with recommendations for immediate actions, monitoring, and a 5-year strategy to achieve <strong>&gt;95% safe treatment and beneficial reuse alignment with SDG 6<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Scope and objectives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Document existing and proposed <strong>Pollution Prevention Systems<\/strong> (6.3.2) for UOA campus operations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provide <strong>quantitative statistics and tables<\/strong> to support SDG 6 reporting, QS Sustainability, and THE Impact submissions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Offer engineering design baselines to size treatment, monitoring, and emergency response for polluted water control.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Create editable templates for campus teams to replace with measured figures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Assumptions and calculation method<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 Campus population and water use assumptions (baseline model)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Students: <strong>10,000<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Academic &amp; admin staff: <strong>1,200<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Total campus population = <strong>11,200 persons<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Water use per person (typical institutional average): <strong>100 L\/person\u00b7day<\/strong> (includes drinking, toilets, showers, labs, kitchens).<br>Total daily potable water demand = population \u00d7 water use:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>11,200 \u00d7 100 L\/person\u00b7day = <strong>1,120,000 L\/day<\/strong> = <strong>1,120 m\u00b3\/day<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Wastewater generation fraction: <strong>80%<\/strong> of potable water intake (allows for evaporation, outdoor irrigation, leaks).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Wastewater = 1,120 m\u00b3\/day \u00d7 0.8 = <strong>896 m\u00b3\/day<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These are baseline parameters in the statistics and tables below. If your measured campus water metering shows different values, simply change the population or per-capita use and recalc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 Typical raw sewage concentrations used<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(typical municipal\/university raw wastewater values adjusted for local context)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand): <strong>400 mg\/L<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand): <strong>800 mg\/L<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>TSS (Total Suspended Solids): <strong>300 mg\/L<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nitrate (as NO\u2083\u207b): <strong>40 mg\/L<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Faecal coliform \/ E. coli: high (qualitative) \u2014 requires disinfection<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.3 Load calculations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Mass load (kg\/day) = Flow (m\u00b3\/day) \u00d7 concentration (mg\/L) \/ 1000<br>(1 mg\/L = 1 g\/m\u00b3; dividing by 1000 converts grams to kilograms)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Example (BOD): 896 m\u00b3\/day \u00d7 400 mg\/L \/ 1000 = 358.4 kg BOD\/day<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All loads in the tables are computed with the above formula and are presented to the nearest appropriate decimal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Baseline statistics and pollutant loads (tables)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Table 1 \u2014 Campus water &amp; wastewater summary (baseline model)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Item<\/th><th>Value (assumption)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Students<\/td><td>10,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Staff (academic &amp; admin)<\/td><td>1,200<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Total population (P)<\/td><td>11,200<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Per capita water use (L\/person\u00b7day)<\/td><td>100<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Total potable water demand (L\/day)<\/td><td>1,120,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Total potable water demand (m\u00b3\/day)<\/td><td>1,120.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wastewater generation factor<\/td><td>0.80<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wastewater flow (m\u00b3\/day)<\/td><td>896.0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Table 2 \u2014 Raw wastewater concentrations (assumed typical)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Parameter<\/th><th>Concentration (mg\/L)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>BOD<\/td><td>400<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>COD<\/td><td>800<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>TSS<\/td><td>300<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NO\u2083\u207b (nitrate)<\/td><td>40<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oil &amp; grease<\/td><td>50<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>pH<\/td><td>6.5\u20138.5 (variable)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Table 3 \u2014 Pollutant loads (daily)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Parameter<\/th><th>Conc. (mg\/L)<\/th><th>Flow (m\u00b3\/day)<\/th><th>Load (kg\/day)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>BOD<\/td><td>400<\/td><td>896.0<\/td><td>358.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>COD<\/td><td>800<\/td><td>896.0<\/td><td>716.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>TSS<\/td><td>300<\/td><td>896.0<\/td><td>268.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NO\u2083\u207b<\/td><td>40<\/td><td>896.0<\/td><td>35.84<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oil &amp; grease<\/td><td>50<\/td><td>896.0<\/td><td>44.8<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Treatment scenarios and projected effluent quality<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To prevent polluted water entering the environment, UOA should operate a stepwise treatment train. The three main scenarios modelled below assume standard removals:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Primary only:<\/strong> coarse screening, grit removal, primary sedimentation \u2014 typical removals: BOD 30%, TSS 50%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Secondary (activated sludge):<\/strong> combined with primary \u2014 typical overall removals after secondary: BOD 85%, COD 75%, TSS 85%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tertiary polishing (filtration + disinfection \u00b1 membrane):<\/strong> target removals up to 95% or higher; required for reuse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Table 4 \u2014 Effluent concentrations under three treatment scenarios (model)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Parameter<\/th><th>Raw (mg\/L)<\/th><th>Primary effluent (mg\/L)<\/th><th>Secondary effluent (mg\/L)<\/th><th>Tertiary effluent (mg\/L)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>BOD<\/td><td>400<\/td><td>280 (30% removal)<\/td><td>60 (85% removal)<\/td><td>20 (95% removal)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>COD<\/td><td>800<\/td><td>560<\/td><td>200 (75% removal)<\/td><td>40 (95% removal)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>TSS<\/td><td>300<\/td><td>150 (50% removal)<\/td><td>45 (85% removal)<\/td><td>15 (95% removal)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NO\u2083\u207b<\/td><td>40<\/td><td>40 (no primary)<\/td><td>30 (assumes nitrification\/denitrification partial)<\/td><td>10 (advanced nutrient control)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E. coli<\/td><td>Very high<\/td><td>Reduced<\/td><td>Low (need disinfection)<\/td><td>&lt;100 CFU\/100 mL (safe for irrigation)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Implications:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Secondary treatment typically produces effluent meeting many national discharge standards for non-sensitive receiving waters, but for <strong>reuse (irrigation, flushing)<\/strong> and to protect fragile local waters, tertiary polishing and disinfection are recommended.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For irrigation reuse per WHO guidelines, BOD &lt; 20\u201330 mg\/L, TSS &lt; 50 mg\/L, and E. coli &lt; 1000 CFU\/100 mL (depending on crop\/contact) are often used as design targets; UOA\u2019s tertiary targets achieve stricter levels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Table 5 \u2014 Daily pollutant mass discharged under scenarios (kg\/day)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Parameter<\/th><th>Raw load (kg\/day)<\/th><th>After primary (kg\/day)<\/th><th>After secondary (kg\/day)<\/th><th>After tertiary (kg\/day)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>BOD<\/td><td>358.4<\/td><td>250.9<\/td><td>53.8<\/td><td>17.9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>COD<\/td><td>716.8<\/td><td>501.8<\/td><td>179.2<\/td><td>35.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>TSS<\/td><td>268.8<\/td><td>134.4<\/td><td>40.3<\/td><td>13.4<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>(Load after treatment = Raw load \u00d7 (1 \u2212 removal fraction))<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Influence on SDG 6.3.2 \u2014 Safe treatment percentage<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>SDG Indicator <strong>6.3.2<\/strong> measures the percentage of wastewater safely treated. For campus reporting:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If UOA implements <strong>secondary treatment plus disinfection<\/strong>, we model safe treatment of <strong>~95%<\/strong> of campus wastewater (by volume) \u2014 i.e., the entire generated wastewater is routed to a functioning WWTF; what matters is whether the treatment meets safety standards.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In baseline (no on-site treatment, direct discharge), safe treatment = <strong>0%<\/strong> (if sewage is dumped untreated).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The target for UOA: <strong>>95% of wastewater safely treated<\/strong> and reuse of at least <strong>50%<\/strong> of tertiary-treated effluent for irrigation\/flushing by 2028.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Pollution prevention measures (protocols &amp; systems)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This section describes concrete engineering controls and operational protocols to prevent polluted water leaving campus or entering municipal systems untreated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.1 Source control and segregation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hazardous chemical stewardship<\/strong>: chemical purchasing controls, storage cabinets, secondary containment, lab SOPs (no direct sink disposal of hazardous reagents).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Segregation of flows<\/strong>: separate piping for blackwater, greywater, laboratory effluent, and stormwater. Colour-coded manholes and labels.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pre-treatment at source<\/strong>: neutralization tanks for acid\/base lab effluents; solvent\/organic collectors where appropriate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.2 Physical infrastructure<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>On-site WWTF<\/strong> sized for 1,200\u20131,500 m\u00b3\/day (to allow future campus growth) with modular stages (primary \u2192 secondary \u2192 tertiary).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Grease traps<\/strong> and <strong>FOG interceptors<\/strong> for kitchens.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>First-flush stormwater diverters<\/strong> and sedimentation ponds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Constructed wetlands<\/strong> or polishing ponds for overflow and biodiversity benefits.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.3 Monitoring &amp; analytics<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Continuous flow metering<\/strong> at main inlet and treatment plant.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Online sensors<\/strong> (pH, DO, turbidity, conductivity) and weekly laboratory tests for BOD, COD, TSS, nutrients, heavy metals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Data logging and dashboard<\/strong> to track compliance and detect anomalies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.4 Emergency protocols<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Spill kits, rapid isolation valves, and emergency notification to municipal authorities if a hazardous discharge exceeds thresholds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Monitoring plan (statistics and tables)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Table 6 \u2014 Monitoring schedule (recommended)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Parameter<\/th><th>Location<\/th><th>Frequency<\/th><th>Method<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Flow<\/td><td>Plant inlet\/outlet<\/td><td>Continuous (hourly)<\/td><td>Flow meter + logger<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>pH<\/td><td>Raw, final effluent<\/td><td>Daily<\/td><td>Portable probe<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>DO<\/td><td>Aeration basin<\/td><td>Daily<\/td><td>Probe<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>BOD<\/td><td>Raw, final effluent<\/td><td>Weekly<\/td><td>Laboratory 5-day test<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>COD<\/td><td>Raw, final effluent<\/td><td>Weekly<\/td><td>Lab<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>TSS<\/td><td>Raw, final effluent<\/td><td>Weekly<\/td><td>Lab<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NO\u2083\u207b, NH\u2084\u207a, PO\u2084\u00b3\u207b<\/td><td>Raw, final effluent<\/td><td>Monthly<\/td><td>Lab<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg)<\/td><td>Raw, final effluent<\/td><td>Quarterly<\/td><td>Lab (ICP)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E. coli \/ FC<\/td><td>Final effluent<\/td><td>Weekly<\/td><td>Membrane filtration<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Table 7 \u2014 Example monthly reporting table (format)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Month<\/th><th>Avg flow (m\u00b3\/day)<\/th><th>BOD influent (mg\/L)<\/th><th>BOD effluent (mg\/L)<\/th><th>% BOD removal<\/th><th>COD effluent (mg\/L)<\/th><th>TSS effluent (mg\/L)<\/th><th>E. coli (CFU\/100 mL)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Jan<\/td><td>900<\/td><td>410<\/td><td>55<\/td><td>86.6%<\/td><td>210<\/td><td>50<\/td><td>120<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Feb<\/td><td>880<\/td><td>405<\/td><td>52<\/td><td>87.2%<\/td><td>200<\/td><td>47<\/td><td>80<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&#8230;<\/td><td>&#8230;<\/td><td>&#8230;<\/td><td>&#8230;<\/td><td>&#8230;<\/td><td>&#8230;<\/td><td>&#8230;<\/td><td>&#8230;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>(Above is an example; real numbers to be filled by UOA lab results.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Institutional governance, roles &amp; training (statistics)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Table 8 \u2014 Responsible units and staffing (recommended baseline)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Unit<\/th><th>Role<\/th><th>Staffing (FTE)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sustainability &amp; Environment Committee (SEC)<\/td><td>Policy, reporting<\/td><td>0.5 FTE chair + 6 members<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>HSE Unit<\/td><td>Daily operations, inspections<\/td><td>3 FTE (1 manager, 2 technicians)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Facilities &amp; Infrastructure<\/td><td>Plant operations, maintenance<\/td><td>4 FTE (operator, maintenance)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Environmental Laboratory<\/td><td>Sampling and analysis<\/td><td>2 FTE (lab manager, technician)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emergency Response Team<\/td><td>Spill &amp; incident response<\/td><td>on-call trained staff<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Training program: annual refresher courses for lab staff (hazardous waste handling), WWTF operator certification, and monthly drills for spill response.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Costs estimates (high-level) \u2014 capital &amp; annual O&amp;M (model)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>These are conservative ballpark figures for planning. Exact costs depend on local market and design choices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Table 9 \u2014 High level capital and O&amp;M (USD, estimate)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Item<\/th><th>Capital cost (USD)<\/th><th>Annual O&amp;M (USD)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Modular WWTF (1,200 m\u00b3\/day, primary+secondary)<\/td><td>900,000<\/td><td>120,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tertiary polishing (filtration + UV)<\/td><td>200,000<\/td><td>25,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Monitoring equipment &amp; SCADA<\/td><td>75,000<\/td><td>8,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lab upgrades &amp; consumables<\/td><td>50,000<\/td><td>12,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Contingency (15%)<\/td><td>185,000<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Total (approx.)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>1,410,000<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>165,000<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>(Note: local procurement and labor in Iraq will affect these estimates. Consider phased implementation.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. KPIs, targets and reporting format<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Suggested KPIs for SDG reporting and QS\/THE submission:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>% of wastewater safely treated (SDG 6.3.2)<\/strong> \u2014 Target: <strong>>95%<\/strong> by Year 2 after WWTF commissioning.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Volume of treated wastewater reused (m\u00b3\/year)<\/strong> \u2014 Target: <strong>\u226550%<\/strong> of final effluent used for irrigation and toilet flushing by Year 3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Average effluent BOD (mg\/L)<\/strong> \u2014 Target: <strong>&lt;20 mg\/L<\/strong> after tertiary polishing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Annual pollutant load reduction (kg\/year)<\/strong> \u2014 e.g., BOD reduction of <strong>>100 tonnes\/year<\/strong> relative to untreated baseline.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Number of compliance exceedances<\/strong> \u2014 Target: <strong>0 exceedances per year<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Monitoring coverage<\/strong> \u2014 100% of discharges continuously monitored (flow + key sensors).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Example KPI calculation (model baseline)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Annual raw BOD load = 358.4 kg\/day \u00d7 365 = <strong>130,816 kg\/year<\/strong> \u2248 <strong>130.8 tonnes\/year<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If tertiary achieves 95% removal, annual BOD discharged = 130.8 \u00d7 0.05 = <strong>6.54 tonnes\/year<\/strong> \u2014 reduction \u2248 <strong>124.26 tonnes\/year<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">11. Risk assessment and mitigation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Main risks:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Chemical discharges from labs<\/strong> \u2014 mitigate via source pre-treatment, strict SOPs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Failure of treatment during peak events<\/strong> \u2014 mitigate with buffer storage (equalization tanks) and bypass controls that prevent untreated discharge.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Illegal dumping or cross-connections<\/strong> \u2014 regular CCTV and manhole inspection program.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Mitigation strategies are detailed in the appendices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">12. Implementation roadmap (24 months, summary)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Phased actions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Phase 0 (0\u20133 months):<\/strong> Finalize design, baseline metering, engage contractor, start procurement of key monitoring equipment.<br><strong>Phase 1 (3\u201312 months):<\/strong> Install primary + secondary WWTF modules, start operator training, implement source control protocols (lab SOPs).<br><strong>Phase 2 (12\u201318 months):<\/strong> Commission tertiary polishing, SCADA, and smart meters; start reuse pilot for irrigation.<br><strong>Phase 3 (18\u201324 months):<\/strong> Full operations, refine monitoring, report SDG 6.3.2 metrics to QS\/THE\/UI GreenMetric.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">13. Appendices<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Appendix A \u2014 Calculation worked examples<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Daily wastewater flow<\/strong> = Total water use \u00d7 0.8 = (P \u00d7 per-capita L\/day)\/1000 \u00d7 0.8<br>Example: (11,200 \u00d7 100)\/1000 \u00d7 0.8 = 1,120 \u00d7 0.8 = 896 m\u00b3\/day<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Daily BOD load (kg\/day)<\/strong> = Flow \u00d7 BOD (mg\/L) \/ 1000 = 896 \u00d7 400 \/ 1000 = 358.4 kg\/day<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Annual BOD load (t\/year)<\/strong> = 358.4 kg\/day \u00d7 365 \/ 1000 = 130.8 t\/year<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Effluent BOD after 85% removal<\/strong> = 400 \u00d7 (1 \u2212 0.85) = 60 mg\/L (secondary scenario)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Daily BOD discharged after 85% removal<\/strong> = 896 \u00d7 60 \/ 1000 = 53.76 kg\/day<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Appendix B \u2014 Editable tables (CSV format preview)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Paste into Excel and replace the values in the \u201cMeasured\u201d column.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Campus water summary (editable)<\/strong><br>Population,Measured per-capita use (L\/day),Measured water use (m\u00b3\/day),Measured wastewater (m\u00b3\/day)<br>Students,10000,=A2<em>B2\/1000,=C2<\/em>0.8<br>Staff,1200,=A3<em>B3\/1000,=C3<\/em>0.8<br>Total,11200,=SUM(C2:C3),=SUM(D2:D3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Monitoring log (editable)<\/strong><br>Date,Flow (m\u00b3\/day),BOD influent (mg\/L),BOD effluent (mg\/L),COD effluent (mg\/L),TSS effluent (mg\/L),E. coli (CFU\/100 mL)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">14. Conclusions &amp; recommendations (short)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Install a modular WWTF (1,200\u20131,500 m\u00b3\/day)<\/strong> with staged tertiary polishing to guarantee effluent quality adequate for irrigation reuse and to meet QS\/THE reporting needs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Implement strict lab waste SOPs<\/strong> and source pre-treatment to avoid acute contamination events.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Metering, online monitoring and reporting<\/strong> must be established from day one \u2014 SDG 6.3.2 depends on demonstrable data.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Set KPIs and public reporting<\/strong>: publish an annual Water Quality &amp; Reuse Report and include SDG indicators in institutional sustainability reporting.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Secure funding<\/strong> for capital and O&amp;M; consider donor grants, national environmental programs, or partnership with local municipalities.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Executive summary Water pollution control and the prevention of contaminated wastewater discharge are core institutional responsibilities for University of Al Maarif (UOA). This report documents UOA\u2019s physical systems, governance, monitoring, and performance metrics for preventing polluted water from entering the environment or municipal water systems, explicitly linked to SDG Indicator 6.3.2 (Percentage of wastewater safely &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/index.php\/pollution-prevention-systems-6-3-2\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Pollution Prevention Systems (6.3.2) \u2014 SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation<\/span> Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3217","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"rttpg_featured_image_url":null,"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"Dr.Alaa","author_link":"https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/index.php\/author\/dr-ahmad\/"},"rttpg_comment":0,"rttpg_category":" <a href=\"https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/\" rel=\"tag\">English<\/a>","rttpg_excerpt":"Executive summary Water pollution control and the prevention of contaminated wastewater discharge are core institutional responsibilities for University of Al Maarif (UOA). This report documents UOA\u2019s physical systems, governance, monitoring, and performance metrics for preventing polluted water from entering the environment or municipal water systems, explicitly linked to SDG Indicator 6.3.2 (Percentage of wastewater safely&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3217","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3217"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3217\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4602,"href":"https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3217\/revisions\/4602"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sustainability.uoa.edu.iq\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3217"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}